
The Role of the Spine
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Providing Structure: The spine supports your head, neck, and torso, helping you stand upright.
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Allowing Movement: It enables bending, twisting, and other movements of the body.
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Protecting the Spinal Cord: The vertebrae (bones of the spine) encase and protect the spinal cord, which is responsible for sending signals between the brain and the rest of the body.
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Absorbing Shock: The spine acts as a shock absorber, preventing damage to the spinal cord from impacts or movements.

Parts of the Spine
The spine is made up of 33 vertebrae arranged in different sections.
Cervical Spine (Neck Area)
The cervical spine refers to the portion of the spine located in the neck. It is the topmost section of the spine and plays a crucial role in supporting the head, allowing movement, and protecting the spinal cord. The cervical spine consists of seven vertebrae (bones) labeled C1 to C7, stacked one on top of the other.
The Role of the Cervical Spine
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Support: The cervical spine supports the weight of the head, which typically weighs between 10-12 pounds (about 4-5 kg)
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Movement: It allows for the movement of your head, such as turning it from side to side, tilting it, and nodding up and down.
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Protection: The cervical spine protects the spinal cord, which carries signals between the brain and the rest of the body.
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Nerve Pathways: Nerves that control the muscles and sensations in the arms, shoulders, and neck pass through the cervical spine.
Components of the Cervical Spine
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Vertebrae: These are the bones that form the backbone.The cervical vertebrae are numbered from C1 to C7,starting from the top near the skull.
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C1 (Atlas): The first cervical vertebra, which supports the skull and allows the head to nod up and down.
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C2 (Axis): The second cervical vertebra, which allows the head to rotate from side to side.
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C3-C7: These vertebrae provide support and allow flexibility and movement.
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Intervertebral Discs: These soft, rubbery cushions sit between the vertebrae and act as shock absorbers to prevent the bones from rubbing together.
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Spinal Cord: The spinal cord is a bundle of nerves running through the vertebrae. It transmits information from the brain to the rest of the body.
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Nerves: The cervical spine contains nerves that branch out from the spinal cord to control the muscles in the neck, shoulders, arms, and hands.
How to Maintain a Healthy Cervical Spine ?
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Good Posture: Keep your head aligned with your spine to avoid unnecessary strain on your neck.
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Exercise Regularly: Strengthen the muscles around your neck to improve flexibility and support.
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Avoid Poor Sleep Positions: Use a supportive pillow to keep your neck aligned while sleeping.
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Limit Heavy Lifting: When lifting objects, use proper techniques to protect your neck.
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Take Breaks from Screen Time: If you work on computers or look down at phones often, take breaks to stretch and move your neck.
Thoracic Spine (Upper and Mid-Back)
The thoracic spine is the part of the spine that makes up the upper and middle back. It is located between the cervical spine (neck) and the lumbar spine (lower back). The thoracic spine consists of 12 vertebrae, labeled T1 to T12, and it is responsible for supporting the upper body and protecting important organs like the lungs and heart.
Key Features of the Thoracic Spine
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Vertebrae:
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The thoracic spine is made up of 12 vertebrae (T1 to T12). These vertebrae are larger than the ones in the neck but smaller than those in the lower back.
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Each vertebra is stacked on top of the other and separated by intervertebral discs, which act as shock absorbers.
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Rib Attachments:
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The thoracic vertebrae are unique because ribs attachto them. Each of the first 10 thoracic vertebrae has a pair of ribs connected to them. This helps to protect the organs in the chest, like the heart and lungs.
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The ribs give the thoracic spine its stability and prevent excessive movement, which is important for protecting vital organs.
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Curvature:
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The thoracic spine has a natural outward curve, known as kyphosis. This curve is important for maintaining balance and absorbing shock as you move.
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Spinal Cord and Nerves:
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The spinal cord runs through the center of the vertebrae, and nerves branch out from the spinal cord through spaces between the vertebrae. These nerves control sensation and movement in the chest, abdomen, and parts of the back.
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Functions of the Thoracic Spine
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Support for Upper Body:
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The thoracic spine helps support the upper body, including the shoulders, ribs, and arms.
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Protection of Vital Organs:
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It protects the heart, lungs, and other chest organs by providing a stable structure for the rib cage.
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Facilitates Breathing:
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The rib attachments to the thoracic spine allow the chest to expand and contract, which is essential for breathing.
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Movement and Flexibility:
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While the thoracic spine is more rigid than the neck or lower back, it still allows for limited rotation, flexion, and extension(bending backward or forward). This helps with movements like twisting and bending.
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LUMBAR SPINE (LOWER BACK)
The lumbar spine refers to the lower portion of your spine, located between your rib cage and pelvis. It consists of five vertebrae, labeled L1 to L5, and is an essential part of your body, supporting much of your upper body weight and enabling movement. The lumbar spine is crucial for functions like bending, lifting, twisting, and walking.
Functions of the Lumbar Spine
The lumbar spine plays a crucial role in your daily life by:
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Supporting the weight of your upper body, especially when standing, sitting, or lifting.
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Allowing movement like bending, twisting, and stretching.
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Protecting the spinal cord and nerves that control function in your legs and lower body.
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Providing stability during activities such as walking, running, or lifting heavy objects.
Key Features of the Sacral Spine
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Sacrum (S1 to S5 Vertebrae):
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The sacrum is made up of five vertebrae (S1-S5), which are fused into one solid bone.
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It forms the back portion of the pelvis and connects the spine to the hips.
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The sacrum helps in bearing weight and transferring the load from the upper body to the legs.
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Pelvic Girdle Connection:
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The sacrum connects to the iliac bones(part of the pelvic bones), forming the sacroiliac joints. These joints allow slight movement, providing flexibility and shock absorption for walking and other movements.
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Coccyx (Tailbone):
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The sacrum is just above the coccyx, or tailbone, which is made up of 3-5 small, fused bones. The coccyx is the end of the spine and plays a role in sitting and providing support for the body.
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Functions of the Sacral Spine
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Weight Bearing: The sacrum supports much of the upper body’s weight and helps distribute this load to the lower body, particularly the hips and legs.
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Movement and Flexibility: The sacrum provides limited but necessary movement for walking and sitting.
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Nerve Passage: The sacral spine contains openings (foramina) where nerves pass through to control movements and sensations in the lower limbs, hips, and pelvic area.
Common Problems and Conditions of the Sacral Spine
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Sacralization of the Lumbar Spine:
This condition occurs when the sacrum is abnormally fused with the lower lumbar vertebrae, leading to stiffness or discomfort in the lower back.
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Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction:
Inflammation or misalignment of the sacroiliac joint can cause lower back pain, especially around the pelvic region.
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Coccyx Pain (Coccydynia):
Pain in the tailbone area can be caused by injury, prolonged sitting, or conditions affecting the sacrum and coccyx.
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Fractures and Trauma:
A fall or trauma can cause fractures in the sacral region, leading to significant pain and difficulty in movement.
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Infections or Tumors:
Rarely, infections or tumors can affect the sacral area, requiring treatment and intervention.
Treatment for Sacral Spine Conditions
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Non-Surgical Treatment:
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Physical Therapy: Exercises can improve posture, strengthen muscles, and reduce pain.
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Medications: Anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and pain relievers help manage discomfort.
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Heat or Ice Therapy: Applying heat or cold can provide relief from pain and inflammation.
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Injections: Corticosteroid injections may be used to reduce inflammation in the sacroiliac joints.
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Surgical Treatment:
If conservative treatments fail, surgery may be required. Options include:
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Sacroiliac Joint Fusion: If there is instability or significant pain in the sacroiliac joint, surgery may be needed to fuse the joint.
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Spinal Fusion or Decompression: In cases of fractures or nerve compression, fusion or decompression surgery can help relieve pressure on nerves.
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FAQ’s
1. How do I know if my sacral spine is causing my pain?
Pain in the lower back, hips, or pelvic region, especially when sitting for long periods or during movement, may indicate an issue with the sacral spine. It’s best to consult Dr. Acharya for a thorough evaluation and diagnosis.
2. Is surgery always necessary for sacral spine issues?
Not necessarily. Most conditions affecting the sacral spine can be managed with physical therapy, medications, and lifestyle changes. Surgery is usually considered when conservative treatments don’t provide relief.
3. Can sacral spine problems be prevented?
Maintaining good posture, regular physical activity, and avoiding heavy lifting can help prevent strain on the sacral spine. It’s also important to stay active and avoid prolonged periods of sitting.
4. Can I live with sacral spine problems?
Many people can manage sacral spine issues effectively with the right treatment plan. Dr. Acharya will guide you on how to live comfortably with the condition.
Take care of your spine—no matter where you live. Let Dr. Shankar Acharya help you maintain a healthy, pain-free back.
Function of the Coccyx (Tailbone)
The coccyx may seem small and unimportant, but it plays an essential role in the function of your spine and overall body:
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Support: It helps support the weight of the body when sitting.
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Attachment Point for Muscles and Ligaments: Several muscles and ligaments that control movement and provide stability to the lower spine are attached to the tailbone.
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Balance and Posture: The coccyx aids in maintaining proper posture while sitting and helps balance the body.
Common Issues Related to the Coccyx
While the coccyx is a small part of the body, it can still cause significant discomfort if something goes wrong. Some common issues include:
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Coccygodynia (Tailbone Pain):
This is the medical term for pain in the coccyx, which can occur from prolonged sitting on hard surfaces, trauma (like a fall), or childbirth. The pain can be sharp or aching and may worsen when sitting or standing up.
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Coccyx Fractures or Dislocations:
A fall, especially onto a hard surface, can cause the coccyx to fracture or move out of place. This is more common in people who participate in high-impact activities.
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Infections or Tumors:
Though rare, infections or tumors may affect the coccyx and cause pain, swelling, or other symptoms.
How to Care for the Coccyx?
Taking care of the coccyx is essential for maintaining comfort and preventing pain. Here are some tips to help you protect your tailbone:
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Use Cushioned Seats: When sitting for long periods, use a cushion or donut-shaped pillow to reduce pressure on the tailbone.
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Practice Good Posture: Sitting with a straight back and good posture can prevent unnecessary stress on your tailbone.
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Avoid Long Periods of Sitting: Stand up and move around regularly if you must sit for long periods.
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Exercise and Stretch: Strengthening and stretching your lower back and core muscles can help keep the coccyx and surrounding areas healthy.
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Wear Proper Footwear: Good shoes can support your posture and prevent strain on your tailbone while standing or walking.
Treatment for Tailbone Pain
If you experience pain in the coccyx, it’s important to get the right treatment. Here are some treatment options:
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Conservative Treatments:
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Ice or Heat Therapy: Applying an ice pack or heating pad to the tailbone can help reduce pain and swelling.
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Pain Medications: Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen can ease discomfort.
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Physical Therapy: A physical therapist can teach you exercises to relieve pain and improve flexibility.
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Medical Interventions
If pain persists, your doctor may recommend:
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Coccygeal Injections: Steroid injections can help reduce inflammation and pain in the tailbone area.
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Surgery: In rare cases, if other treatments fail, a surgical procedure called coccygectomy may be performed to remove the coccyx.
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When to See a Doctor
If you experience any of the following, it’s important to seek medical attention:
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Severe pain that doesn’t improve with self-care.
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Pain after an injury(such as a fall or trauma).
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Swelling, redness, or bruising around the tailbone.
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Difficulty sitting or standing up due to pain.
Contact Us
If you or a loved one is experiencing neck pain, numbness, or weakness, don’t hesitate to reach out. Dr. Shankar Acharya and the team at Sir Gangaram Hospital are here to help you regain your quality of life with expert spine care.
Sir Gangaram Hospital Address: Room No. G-1, Ground Floor, Ortho Department, Old Rajender Nagar,
New Delhi – 110060, India
Phone: +91-11-25750000, +91-11-42254000
Email: spinecaredelhi@gmail.com, spineshankar@gmail.com
Website: www.sgrh.com
At Sir Gangaram Hospital, your health and well-being are our top priorities. Let us guide you on your journey to a healthier spine and a pain-free life.
Intervertebral Discs
Between each vertebra, there are intervertebral discs, which act as cushions to absorb shock and prevent the bones from rubbing against each other. These discs are made up of a tough outer layer and a soft inner core, allowing flexibility and movement.
Spinal Nerves
Emerging from the spinal cord are spinal nerves that branch out to various parts of the body, helping you feel sensations and control movements. These nerves control your arms, legs, and organs. Any damage or compression to these nerves can cause pain, numbness, or weakness.
Common Spine Problems
As we age or face certain injuries, problems can develop in the spine, leading to pain or discomfort. Some common spine conditions include:
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Herniated Disc: When the disc between the vertebrae slips out of place and presses on nerves.
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Scoliosis: An abnormal sideways curvature of the spine.
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Spondylosis: Degeneration of the spinal discs, often due to aging.
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Spinal Stenosis: Narrowing of the spinal canal, which can compress nerves.
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Osteoarthritis: Wear and tear of the cartilage in the spine.
Tips for Maintaining a Healthy Spine
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Exercise Regularly: Activities like walking, swimming, and stretching help keep the spine strong and flexible.
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Practice Good Posture: Maintain a straight posture while sitting, standing, and sleeping.
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Lift Correctly: Use your legs, not your back, when lifting heavy objects.
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Maintain a Healthy Weight: Extra weight puts stress on the spine and discs.
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Sleep on a Supportive Mattress: Ensure your mattress supports your spine’s natural curve.
Why is Spine Health Important?
A healthy spine is crucial for overall well-being. It helps maintain posture, supports body movements, and protects the spinal cord, which controls all bodily functions. Poor spinal health can lead to chronic pain, limited mobility, and other health issues.
When to See a Spine Specialist
If you experience any of the following, it’s time to consult a spine specialist like Dr. Shankar Acharya:
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Chronic back or neck pain
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Numbness, tingling, or weakness in your arms or legs
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Difficulty walking or balancing
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Unexplained pain or discomfort